2017
Volume 17, Number 3, pp. 94–124
Great medical discoveries of the 21st century. Part II: Establishment of the gravitational evolutionary law in the vertebrates
K. Nishihara
Nishihara Institute, Hara Bldg 2F.3F, 6-2-5 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
In order to establish the gravitational evolutionary law in vertebrates, this paper profoundly considers what is evolution, and comprehensively examines the features of evolutionary phenomena. Energy, especially biomechanics as well as gravity and mitochondrial energy metabolism, are also carefully scrutinized and Lamarck’s Use and Disuse Law and Haeckel’s Biogenetic Law are revisited. The Use and Disuse Law was verified in vertebrates at a cellular level using biomaterials. The material foundations of the vertebrates are skeletal substances, namely collagen, cartilage and bone. If any of them can be synthesized intact artificially, the causes of chondrification of collagen and ossification of cartilage that occurred in the process of evolution will be clarified. Vertebrates pose three unsolved questions: the mechanism of evolution; the genesis of the immune system; and the development of bone-marrow haemopoiesis. These issues can be investigated together using artificial bone marrow chambers made of synthetic hydroxyapatite, and applying biomechanical stimuli to sintered hydroxyapatite. Development of the bone marrow haemopoietic nests occurred in the second revolution of evolution. Accordingly, clarification of the mechanism of their development leads to the solution of the other two unsolved questions. A hybrid-type artificial dental root that assumed the characteristics of the gompholic tooth peculiar to mammals was also developed. It was thereby clarified that evolution occurs according to the biomechanical functions (behaviour) of the animal in response to gravitation. In order to further elucidate the law of evolution, trilateral research methods integrating morphology, including embryology and phylogeny; the functional study of molecular biology; and molecular genetics concerning remodeling, with biomechanics were developed. An experimental evolutionary study was launched, in which energy as well as material (physicochemical) stimuli were applied to archetypical vertebrate animals from the recent epoch representing the phylogenic stage. Subsequently the author succeeded with the larva-type adult Mexican salamander to raise a reptile-type imago. From the results of these innovative studies, Lamarck’s Use and Disuse Law and Haeckel’s Biogenetic Law have been reinterpreted, also using present-day biomechanics, molecular biology and molecular genetics. Through these researches, close correlations between ontogeny and phylogeny via biomechanics, consistent with gravity, have been revealed. The drastic changes in morphology as well as function in the second revolution of vertebral evolution (landing) have been demonstrated to be in accordance with the Use and Disuse Law. The dormancy of the MHC (major histocompatibility antigen complex) genes in the archetype Chondrichthyes (shark) in seawater, just as in the embryo and foetus in amniotic fluid, is explained: they are in an immune-tolerant state. As verification, transplantations of many kinds of organ or tissue from shark into mammals were successfully accomplished. From the studies on relations between tooth form and biomechanics it has been shown that the function related to morphology of the tooth is one of biomechanics-dependent morphogenesis according to the Use and Disuse Law applied to odontology. Thus, the Gravitational Evolutionary Law has been established. It has the potential to save human beings from extinction by eradicating intractable refractory diseases, i.e., cancer, immune maladies and mental illness.
Keywords: archetypical vertebrate, artificial organ, Biogenetic Law, biomechanics, embryology, evolution, gene expression, gravitation, Gravitational Evolutionary Law, Heterodontus, hydroxyapatite, MHC, molecular biology, morphology, ontogeny, phylogeny, skeletal substance, Triakis, Use and Disuse Law, vertebrates